Rules of Professional Conduct
Rule 3.7: Lawyer as Witness
(a)澳门赌场官网不得在其可能成为必要证人的审判中担任辩护人，除非:
(1) The testimony relates to an uncontested issue;
(2) The testimony relates to the nature and value of legal services rendered in the case; or
(3)取消澳门赌场官网资格会给委托人带来很大的困难.
(b)在该澳门赌场官网事务所的另一名澳门赌场官网很可能被传召作为证人的审判中，如果根据规则1，另一名澳门赌场官网不能在审判中担任辩护人，则该澳门赌场官网不得担任辩护人.7 or Rule 1.9. (b)款的规定不适用于作为辩护人出庭的澳门赌场官网受雇于, and appears on behalf of, a government agency.
Comment
[1]将辩护澳门赌场官网和证人的角色结合起来会使对方产生偏见，并可能导致澳门赌场官网和委托人之间的利益冲突.
[2]角色组合可能损害对方诉讼权利的，对方当事人有正当的异议. A witness is required to testify on the basis of personal knowledge, 而辩护人则需要对他人提供的证据进行解释和评论. 辩护人-证人的陈述是否应被视为证据或作为对证据的分析可能并不清楚.
[3] (a)项第(1)款确认，如果证词将无异议, the ambiguities in the dual role are purely theoretical. (a)(2)项承认，如果证词涉及提供证词的诉讼中所提供的法律服务的程度和价值, 允许澳门赌场官网作证避免了需要新的澳门赌场官网进行第二次审判来解决这个问题. Moreover, in such a situation the judge has firsthand knowledge of the matter in issue; hence, 较少依赖对手程序来检验证词的可信度.
[4] Apart from these two exceptions, (a)(3)款承认客户的利益与对方的利益之间需要平衡. 对方是否可能遭受偏见取决于案件的性质, the importance and probable tenor of the lawyer’s testimony, 以及澳门赌场官网的证词与其他证人的证词相冲突的可能性. Even if there is risk of such prejudice, in determining whether the lawyer should be disqualified, 必须适当考虑取消资格对澳门赌场官网委托人的影响. 当事一方或双方都能合理地预见到澳门赌场官网可能是证人，这是相关的.
[5]如果不允许澳门赌场官网同时担任辩护澳门赌场官网和证人的唯一理由是可能对对方造成损害, 没有理由取消作证澳门赌场官网事务所其他澳门赌场官网在该审判中担任辩护澳门赌场官网的资格. 简而言之，没有适用于规则3的推定取消资格的一般规则.7. However, 辩护人和证人角色的结合除了可能对对方造成损害外，还可能涉及澳门赌场官网和委托人之间的不当利益冲突. Whether there is such a client conflict is determined by Rule 1.7 or 1.9. For example, 如果委托人的证词与澳门赌场官网的证词之间可能存在重大冲突, the representation is improper by the standard of Rule 1.7(b) without regard to Rule 3.7(a). 无论澳门赌场官网是被委托人传唤作为证人，还是被对方传唤，都可能出现问题. Determining whether such a conflict exists is, in the first instance, the responsibility of the lawyer involved. See Comment to Rule 1.7. Rule 3.第7(b)条规定，作证澳门赌场官网事务所的其他澳门赌场官网只有在发生这种委托人冲突时才被取消资格，因此作证澳门赌场官网不能根据规则1代表委托人.7 or 1.9. The principles of client consent, embodied in Rules 1.7 and 1.9, also apply to paragraph (b). Thus, the reference to Rules 1.7 and 1.9 incorporates the client consent aspects of those Rules. Paragraph (b) is designed to provide protection for the client, not rights of disqualification to the adversary. Subject to the disclosure and consultation requirements of Rules 1.7 and 1.9, the client may consent to the firm’s continuing representation, 尽管律所澳门赌场官网提供的证词的性质会带来潜在的问题.
[6]即使根据规则1，澳门赌场官网的证词不涉及与委托人的利益冲突.7 or 1.9 and would not be precluded under Rule 3.7, 然而，作为证人出现在代理客户的事务所的澳门赌场官网可能会损害客户的利益. For example, 澳门赌场官网的证词很容易受到弹劾，因为澳门赌场官网证人作证是为了支持澳门赌场官网自己公司的立场. Similarly, 如果澳门赌场官网事务所的同事在案件中作证，澳门赌场官网应该认识到澳门赌场官网可能没有足够仔细地审查同事的证词，这可能会损害客户的利益, whether the colleague is testifying for or against the client. In such instances, 澳门赌场官网应当告知委托人澳门赌场官网与同事证人的关系可能对委托人利益造成的不利影响, 这样客户就可以做出一个有意义的选择，即是否聘请澳门赌场官网为其代理.
